Equipment failures are generally latent, and their progression adheres to the “normal‑abnormal‑failure” pattern.

The encapsulation and invocation integration model for smart factories means that after the ERP system and MES system are encapsulated, the integration between the smart factory ERP system and MES system can be effectively achieved through interface calls.

In the construction of smart factories, ERP systems and MES systems are two crucial components. The relationship between ERP and MES systems in a smart factory is characterized by mutual independence, integration, and interdependence.

Intelligent Factory Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is a next-generation information system developed within the context of the internet-driven economy, primarily designed to optimize business processes in smart manufacturing facilities.

The primary purpose of adopting a pull production system in lean manufacturing is to adapt to market changes.

Is overproduction in a workshop considered value‑added work within lean manufacturing? Certainly not. In lean manufacturing, overproduction is classified as non‑value‑added activity that can even generate unnecessary waste by causing excess inventory accumulation.

The ideal state of smart manufacturing in a smart factory is to establish a highly intelligent production mode, which is characterized by high automation, high informatization, and high networking.